Chemical composition modulates the adverse effects of particles on the mucociliary epithelium

OBJECTIVE:We compared the adverse effects of two types of real ambient particles; i.e., total suspended particles from an electrostatic precipitator of a steel mill and fine air particles from an urban ambient particulate matter of 2.5 µm, on mucociliary clearance.METHOD:Mucociliary function was quantified by mucociliary transport, ciliary beating frequency and the amount of acid and neutral mucous in epithelial cells through morphometry of frog palate preparations. The palates were immersed in one of the following solutions: total suspended particles (0.1 mg/mL), particulate matter 2.5 µm 0.1 mg/mL (PM0.1) or 3.0 mg/mL (PM3.0) and amphibian Ringer’s solution (control). Particle chemical compositions were determined by X-ray fluorescence and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.RESULTS:Exposure to total suspended particles and PM3.0 decreased mucociliary transport. Ciliary beating frequency was diminished by total suspended particles at all times during exposure, while particulate matter of 2.5 µm did not elicit changes. Particulate matter of 2.5 µm reduced epithelial mucous and epithelium thickness, while total suspended particles behaved similarly to the control group. Total suspended particles exhibited a predominance of Fe and no organic compounds, while the particulate matter 2.5 µm contained predominant amounts of S, Fe, Si and, to a lesser extent, Cu, Ni, V, Zn and organic compounds.CONCLUSION:Our results showed that different compositions of particles induced different airway epithelial responses, emphasizing that knowledge of their individual characteristics may help to establish policies aimed at controlling air pollution.

pH in exhaled breath condensate and nasal lavage as a biomarker of air pollution-related inflammation in street traffic-controllers and office-workers

OBJECTIVE: To utilize low-cost and simple methods to assess airway and lung inflammation biomarkers related to air pollution. METHODS: A total of 87 male, non-smoking, healthy subjects working as street traffic-controllers or office-workers were examined to determine carbon monoxide in exhaled breath and to measure the pH in nasal lavage fluid and exhaled breath condensate. Air pollution exposure was measured by particulate matter concentration, and data were obtained from fixed monitoring stations (8-h work intervals per day, during the 5 consecutive days prior to the study). RESULTS: Exhaled carbon monoxide was two-fold greater in traffic-controllers than in office-workers. The mean pH values were 8.12 in exhaled breath condensate and 7.99 in nasal lavage fluid in office-workers; these values were lower in traffic-controllers (7.80 and 7.30, respectively). Both groups presented similar cytokines concentrations in both substrates, however, IL-1β and IL-8 were elevated in nasal lavage fluid compared with exhaled breath condensate. The particulate matter concentration was greater at the workplace of traffic-controllers compared with that of office-workers. CONCLUSION: The pH values of nasal lavage fluid and exhaled breath condensate are important, robust, easy to measure and reproducible biomarkers that can be used to monitor occupational exposure to air pollution. Additionally, traffic-controllers are at an increased risk of airway and lung inflammation during their occupational activities compared with office-workers. .

Avaliação da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de cortadores de cana-de-açúcar nos períodos de entressafra e safra / Assessment of health-related quality of life of sugarcane cutters in the pre-harvest and harvest periods / Evaluación de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de cortadores de caña de azúcar en los períodos de entre-cosecha y cosecha

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de cortadores de cana-de-açúcar. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal em uma usina sucroalcooleira no Oeste do estado de São Paulo de abril (final da entressafra) a outubro (final da safra) de 2010. Foram avaliados 44 cortadores de cana-de-açúcar tabagistas e não tabagistas em três períodos: ao final da entressafra, no fim do terceiro mês de safra e no final da safra. A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde foi avaliada pelo questionário Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Foram realizados análise de variância para medidas repetidas e teste de Friedman para comparar a qualidade de vida entre os períodos. Utilizou-se o teste de Goodman para identificar a frequência dos trabalhadores cujo escore aumentou nos períodos de safra em comparação com a entressafra (respondedores positivos), considerando-se as variáveis qualitativas dos domínios do SF-36. RESULTADOS: Ao final da entressafra, 23% dos trabalhadores desistiram do trabalho; 27% eram tabagistas. Houve decréscimo significativo no domínio vitalidade no final da safra em comparação com a entressafra. Os desistentes apresentaram maior escore no domínio aspecto social em relação ao grupo que permaneceu no trabalho. Não houve diferença na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde entre tabagistas e não tabagistas. No entanto, observou-se maior percentual de respondedores positivos entre não tabagistas nos domínios aspecto físico, social e emocional nos três meses de safra e nos domínios estado geral de saúde e aspecto social nos seis meses de safra, quando comparados aos tabagistas. CONCLUSÕES: A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em cortadores de cana-de-açúcar mostrou-se diminuída após o período de safra no domínio vitalidade. Os trabalhadores que permaneceram na safra são os que apresentaram piores aspectos sociais, o que mostra a necessidade de promoção de políticas assistencialistas de saúde a essa população específica, principalmente durante a safra canavieira.

OBJECTIVE: To assess health-related quality of life in sugarcane cutters. METHODS: Longitudinal study conducted in a sugar and ethanol plant located in the western region of the State of São Paulo (Southeastern Brazil) from April (pre-harvest) to October (harvest) 2010. A total of 44 sugarcane cutters, smokers and non-smokers, was evaluated in three periods: pre-harvest, at the end of the third month during harvest and at the end of harvest. Health-related quality of life was assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Analysis of variance for repeated measures and the Friedman test were performed to compare quality of life among the periods. To identify the frequency of workers whose score increased in the harvest periods compared to pre-harvest (positive responders), the Goodman test was used, considering the qualitative variables of the SF-36 domains. RESULTS: At the end of pre-harvest, 23% workers drop out of work; 27% were smokers. There was a significant decrease in the vitality domain at the end of harvest compared to pre-harvest. The dropouts presented higher score in the social aspect domain compared to the group that remained working. There was no difference in health-related quality of life between smokers and non-smokers. However, there was a higher percentage of positive responders among non-smokers in the physical, social and emotional domains in the third month of harvest and in the general health status and social domains at the end of harvest, compared to smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Health-related quality of life in sugarcane cutters was reduced after the harvest period in the vitality domain. The individuals who remained working during harvest are those with lower scores for social aspects, which demonstrates the need to promote health assistance policies for this specific population, particularly during sugar harvest.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de cortadores de caña de azúcar. MÉTODOS: Estudio longitudinal en una fábrica de alcohol y subproductos de la caña de azúcar en el Oeste del Estado de Sao Paulo de abril (final de la entre-cosecha) a octubre (final de la cosecha) de 2010. Se evaluaron 44 cortadores de caña de azúcar tabaquistas y no tabaquistas en tres períodos: al final de la entre-cosecha, al final del tercer mes de la cosecha y al final de la cosecha. La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud fue evaluada por el cuestionario Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Se realizaron análisis de varianza para medidas repetidas y prueba de Friedman para comparar la calidad de vida entre los períodos. Se utilizó la prueba de Goodman para identificar la frecuencia de los trabajadores cuyo escore aumentó en los períodos de cosecha en comparación con la entre-cosecha (respondedores positivos), considerándose las variables cualitativas de los dominios del SF-36. RESULTADOS: Al final de la entre-cosecha, 23% de los trabajadores desistieron del trabajo; 27% eran tabaquistas. Hubo disminución significativa en el dominio vitalidad en el final de la cosecha en comparación con la entre-cosecha. Los disidentes presentaron mayor escore en el dominio aspecto social con relación al grupo que permaneció en el trabajo. No hubo diferencia en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud entre tabaquistas y no tabaquistas. Sin embargo, se observó mayor porcentaje de respondedores positivos entre no tabaquistas en los dominios aspecto físico, social y emocional en los tres meses de cosecha y en los dominios estado general de salud y aspecto social en los seis meses de cosecha, al compararlos con los tabaquistas. CONCLUSIONES: La calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en cortadores de caña de azúcar se mostró disminuida posterior al período de cosecha en el dominio vitalidad. Los trabajadores que permanecieron en la cosecha presentaron peores aspectos sociales, mostrando la necesidad de promoción de políticas asistencialistas de salud a dicha población específica, principalmente durante la cosecha de caña.

Métodos de estudo do transporte mucociliar: [revisão] / Methods for studying mucociliary transport: [review]

Disfunções no transporte mucociliar trazem desde queda na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, como nas rinites e rinossinusites crônicas, até graves conseqüências com risco de seqüelas irreversíveis e mesmo letais, como nos casos de fibrose cística e das discinesias ciliares primárias. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental o conhecimento do funcionamento normal do aparelho mucociliar e de como alterações em seus componentes (cílio, muco-fluido periciliar e interação dinâmica entre ambos) afetam o transporte das secreções respiratórias. OBJETIVOS: Este artigo visa a revisar e discutir as diferentes técnicas de avaliação do transporte mucociliar descrevendo suas peculiaridades e aplicabilidades clínicas e experimentais. CONCLUSÕES: Os métodos citados nesta revisão nos fornecem informações importantes sobre os diferentes aspectos do transporte mucociliar. Alguns apresentam uma maior facilidade de realização e resultados reprodutíveis, já outros apenas mostraram-se com aplicabilidade em protocolos de pesquisa em virtude de dificuldades técnicas e limitações financeiras. Há que se considerar a inexistência de métodos que avaliem ambulatorialmente a freqüência de batimento ciliar (FBC) "in vivo" e "in situ", o que se tornaria uma ferramenta importante, tanto no âmbito científico, quanto na prática clínica, auxiliando no diagnóstico das discinesias ciliares e evitando a realização de procedimentos mais invasivos para a sua confirmação diagnóstica.

Mucociliary transport dysfunctions can impair the quality of life of patients suffering from chronic rhinossinusitis and lead to severe consequences such as alterations in respiratory physiology or even death as in cases of cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the physiology of the mucociliary apparatus and how its components (cilia, mucus-periciliary layer and its interaction) affect the clearance of respiratory secretions. AIMS: This paper aims to review and to discuss different techniques for studying mucociliary transport and their clinical and experimental applicability. CONCLUSIONS: The methods listed in this revision provide us with valuable information about different aspects of the mucociliary transport. Some of the methods listed are more suitable for clinical practice and present reproducible results. Others, show only applicability in experimental settings due to technical difficulties or financial limitations. However, it is important to emphasize that up to now there is no method that can evaluate ciliary beating frequency (CBF) in vivo and in situ. Such a method would become a valuable tool in the scientific scenario and in the clinical practice, supporting the diagnosis of ciliary dyskinesias and avoiding the use of invasive procedures to corroborate the clinical suspicion.

Efeitos de oxidantes, `H IND. 2ï `O IND. 2ï e material particulado urbano (PMÕo) sobre o epitélio mucociliado / Antioxidants effect, `H IND. 2ï `O IND. 2ï and urban inhalable particles (PMÕo) on ciliated epithelium

Este trabalho (dividido em duas partes) foi realizado para avaliar o efeito do material particulado urbano (PMÕo) no epitélio mucociliar. Primeiro procurando um modelo para o estudo (Fase I), utilizou-se um método simples baseado na preparação do epitélio de palato de rã (Rana catesbeiana) para estudar o efeito de peróxido de hidrogênio, um potente oxidante, no epitélio ciliado. Foram utilizados 5 grupos de palatos de rã, (n Í 10, por grupo), onde foram estudados a velocidade de transporte mocociliar (TM) e a diferença de potencial transepitelial (DP), após imersão destes em concentrações crescentes de `H IND. 2ï `O IND. 2ï: 0, 1, 8, 16, 32 e 64 µM durante 35 minutos. As medidas foram realizadas com intervalo de 5 minutos...